Gangs and Violence :: Gangs Violence Psychology Essays

Gangs and ViolenceGangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in todays cities. What has made these groups come about? why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions fecesnister only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings personalised wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence we must find the way that these morals are given to the individual. Unfortunately, these can only be hypothesized. However, by looking at the way humans are influenced in society, I believe there is good evidence to point the blame at several institutions. These include the forces of the media, the government, theatre, drugs and our economic system. On the surface, gangs are caused by peer pressure and greed. Many teens in gangs will pressure peers into becoming part of a gang by makin g it all sound glamorous. Money is also an crucial factor. A kid (a 6-10 year old, who is not yet a member) is shown that s/he could perform $200 to $400 for small part time gang jobs. Although these are important factors they are not strong enough to make kids do things that are strongly against their morals. One of the ways that kids morals are bent so that gang violence becomes more acceptable is the influence of tv and movies. The average child spends more time at a TV than she/he spends in a classroom. Since nobody can completely turn finish off their minds, kids must be learning something while watching the TV. Very few hours of television watched by children are educational, so other ideas are being clothed during this period of time. Many shows on television today are extremely violent and are often shown this from a gangs perspective. A normal adult can see that this is showing how foully that gangs are living. However, to a child this portrays a violent gang existance a s acceptable. The Ends Justifies the Means mentality is also taught through many shows where the goody guy captures the deadly guy through violence and is then being commended. A young child sees this a perfectly acceptable because he knows that the bad guy was wrong but has no idea of what acceptable apprehension techniques are.

Stepfamilies and Divroce Essay -- essays research papers

Money, frequently cited as the biggest source of stress in family life, is often an even more challenging matter for members of stepfamiliesStatistically, in our world today, one-one-half of all marriages will end in divorce. About fifty-percent of our population will also live in a stepfamily environment. In other words, more than half of the American families today, are now or eventually will be in involved in one or more stepfamily situations during their life concord to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1990. The U.S. Bureau decided to discontinue providing estimates of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, except for those that are available from our current census. Thus many of our current estimates were derived from the 1990 census and in front sources (Step Family Fact Sheet, 1). indeed the exact statistics in regards to stepfamilies today may be more or less from the estimated fifty- percent.Stepfamilies nowadays consist of many family members and are truly complex. Todays stepfam ily consists of you, me, your kids, my kids, our kids, your exes, my exes, even our exes new mates, and all the kin of these various folks. Stepfamilies give a new substance to the concept of complex family relationships (Hildebrand, 255). For that reason, the interactions within this family unit can be complicated and uncomfortable. There are many changes, positive and/or negative, that stepfamilies try to vary to. For instance, adults feign on new parenting roles and children take on new roles as well, such as a new stepparent or sibling. The parents and/or children may be compulsory to relocate into a completely different house in a completely new neighborhood or city, which leads to separation issues with their nuclear family. With all these issues at hand it is obvious that this can be very stressful for everyone. Even more, this causes even more stresses, such as money.An ecological factor such as economics can have a huge impact on stepfamilies. This means financial decis ions within a stepfamily have more people change to economic decisions. In turn, this can lead to more rules, emotions, and financial wishes and requests. When a couple decides to marry, especially for their second, third, or fourth time, it only brings in past experiences into the picture. both spouses in the stepfamily most likely are in the work force as well. This also leads to the assumption th... ...ely on each other, and all members of a stepfamily adapt to rely on each other. As the entire family is going through change. In conclusion, money is powerful in our society and always has been throughout history. Therefore money has a major impact on families and research shows that it may even have a larger impact on stepfamilies.References Clark, Janet A., Leigh, Sharon. Financial Decision Making in Stepfamilies. Retrieved from http//www.muextension.missori.edu/xplor/hesguide/humanrel/gh6603.htmFacts and FAQs- Stepfamily Fact Sheet. Retrieved fromhttp//www.saafamilies.org/faqs /index.htmFletcher, N. Cynthia, (1992). Living in Stepfamilies Making FinancialDecisions. Iowa State University.Hildebrand, Verna (2000). Knowing and Serving Diverse Families (2nd ed.).New island of Jersey Upper Saddle River.Klein, David M., White, James M.(1996). Family Theories.Pill, Cynthia J.(1990). Stepfamilies Redefining the Family. Family Relations, 39, 2, 186-201.Stepfamilies Meeting Challenges and Building Strengths (1995).Research Review. Retrieved from http//montana.edu/wwwhd/family/f1195res.htmlKeri SmithCFD335-BoothStepfamilies Economic Factors

Blind Faith Exposed in The Victim of Aulis :: Victim of Aulis Essays

Blind Faith Exposed in The Victim of Aulis During World contend II, an entire race of people was decimated as a result of blind adherence to one charismatic ruler the holocaust has create emblematic of the incorrect horror of war and the loss of innocent lives. Perhaps influenced by World War II, the Korean War, and the questioning of complete adherence to authority, whose seeds were just breaking by the glorious faade of the 1950s suburban idyll, Dannie Abse wrote The Victim of Aulis in 1951-6. The poem is an accusation against the disastrous effects of blind obedience, particularly as it is manifested in religion and war. Abse anchors his unfavorable judgment within the safely distant realm of Grecian mythology this creates a world with which most readers are familiar and thus transfers his indictment of modern society into the images of the heathenish psyche. The poet borrows a scene from Greek mythology depicting the sacrifice of Agamemnons daughter Iphigenia to Artemis at the beginning of the Trojan War, which serves as the ultimate expression of the intimate intermingling of war and religion. The Greek gods were not only intimately involved in the action of the Trojan War, they were also the impetus for the war. Although the overt cause of the war was Paris abduction of Helen, this act was the result of quarrelling goddesses. The Trojan prince Paris was forced to choose the fairest amongst the goddesses Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena. Each goddess attempted to sway Paris with offerings, and Aphrodites temptation was Helen this leads to the war and the immortal alliances that overshadow its mortal activities. The story that the poem implicitly addresses is of the Achaen king Agamemnon and his daughter Iphigenia. The Achaen forces have gathered at Aulis before mounting their attack on Troy when one of Artemis stags is killed this, coupled with Agamemnons boasting of the act, is why Artemis is anger (51). In retaliation, th e goddess imprisons the troops at Aulis by preventing the wind from powering their fleet. In order to appease the goddess and begin the war, Agamemnon sacrifices his own daughter Iphigenia as the child who will become the victim of Aulis. Although Artemis intervenes and makes Iphigenia one of her priestesses, only the goddess knows that Iphigenia escaped death.

Organizational Learning Essay -- Business Management

IntroductionThe business environment today is no lengthy just corporate but global. Businesses both local and multinational are being forced (by globalization and changes in technologies) to broaden their teaching agenda to salute the full range of challenges to meet and exceed the expectations for a sustainable global village. larn is garnering new or modifying existing knowledge, skills, behaviours or values and it is more of a process because it is contextual and builds upon and is shaped by what we already know. Learning as a process involves the change in organizational behaviour as a result of new knowledge or experience.Peter Sange (1994) described organizational learning as being focused on the practice of five principles which leave alone not only create a desired future for the organization, but give it the edge it needs to survive it todays fast increment and highly competitive work environment. These five principles are mentioned below1.Systems thinking organization s should endeavor to view the business environment as a whole scheme which has parts and focus on building relationships with these parts to promote concord with the system rather than working against it. This helps the organization create long-term solutions to challenges.2.Team learning organizations should encourage team leaning to enhance the feeling of synergy and productiveness. Team learning impacts positively on individuals as their knowledge bases are broadened and a veritable bond is built which creates a more conducive work environment through mutual respect. This is geared towards achieving organizational objectives, collectively.3.Shared vision there is a need for every part of a system to understand the reason for its existence. O... ...anizational learning and knowledge. Oxford Oxford University Press. Smith, M. K. (2003) Learning theory, the encyclopedia of informal education, online Available from www.infed.org/biblio/b-learn.htm, accessed 6th April 2012Atherton J S (2011) Learning and Teaching what is learning? Online available from http//www.learningandteaching.info/learning/whatlearn.htm, accessed 6th April 2012Senge, P. et al. (1994) The Fifth Discipline Field book strategies and tools for building a learning organization online available from http//www.solonline.org/organizational_overview, accessed seventh April 2012Child, J. Organisation Contemporary Principles and Practice (2005), Blackwell PublishingWebsitehttp//systems-thinkers.org/index.php/resources/resource/reviews/the_fifth_discipline_fieldbook_strategies_and_tools_for_building_a_learning .

Other views of Sir Gawain in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight :: Essays Papers

Other views of Sir Gawain in Sir Gawain and The Green KnightBelow be quotations selected from a number of sources which address the character of Sir Gawain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------In the earlier Arthurian stories, Sir Gawain was the greatest of the Knights of the Round Table. He was famed for his prowess at arms and, above all, for his courtesy. ... Here Gawain is the perfect knight he is so know by the various characters in the story and, for all his modesty, implicitly in his view of himself. To the others his greatest qualities are his knightly courtesy and his success in battle. To Gawain these are important, but he seems to set an even higher value on his courage and integrity, the two central pillars of his manhood. The story is concerned with the conflict between his existence of himself and the reality. He is non quite so brave or so honorable as he belief he was, but he is unchanging real brave, very honorable. H e cannot quite see this, but the reader can. The character of Sir Gawain is relatively fixed by tradition he cannot act very differently from the way he does. In consequence, his character is static--is, indeed, less interesting than that of his adversary, the Green Knight. But it is for other qualities than character interest that Sir Gawain and The Green Knight is valued. (G. B. Pace, 35) FromClark, Donald, et al. position Literature A College Anthology. New York The Macmillian Company, 1960. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------We are placed on the side of mortality itself, and can thus, with the Green Knight, forgive Gawain for his single act of cowardice what he did was done not out of sensual lust but for love of life--the less, then, to blame. In the context of this affectionate sympathy, Gawains own violent anger at the manifestation of his fault must itself be viewed with amusement, as part of his human fallibility. (Marie Borrof f, Introduction) FromBorroff, Marie. Sir Gawain and The Green Knight A New Verse Translation. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1967. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gawain is, naturally, more fully draw than any other character. Not only do we observe him ourselves, we are told how he impressed other people in the story and how he himself thought and felt. We see him behaving, as all expect him to do, with exquisite courtesy but we also see what is not apparent to the other characters, that such behavior does not always come easily to him.

Other views of Sir Gawain in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight :: Essays Papers

Other views of Sir Gawain in Sir Gawain and The Green KnightBelow are quotations selected from a number of sources which take the character of Sir Gawain --------------------------------------------------------------------------------In the earliest Arthurian stories, Sir Gawain was the greatest of the Knights of the Round Table. He was famed for his prowess at arms and, above all, for his good manners. ... Here Gawain is the perfect cavalry he is so recognized by the various characters in the story and, for all his modesty, implicitly in his view of himself. To the differents his greatest qualities are his knightly courtesy and his success in battle. To Gawain these are important, but he seems to set an even higher value on his courage and integrity, the two central pillars of his manhood. The story is concerned with the conflict between his conception of himself and the reality. He is not quite so brave or so honorable as he thought he was, but he is still very brave, very hono rable. He cannot quite see this, but the reader can. The character of Sir Gawain is relatively fixed by usage he cannot act very differently from the way he does. In consequence, his character is static--is, indeed, less entertaining than that of his adversary, the Green Knight. But it is for other qualities than character interest that Sir Gawain and The Green Knight is valued. (G. B. Pace, 35) FromClark, Donald, et al. English Literature A College Anthology. new-made York The Macmillian Company, 1960. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------We are placed on the side of mortality itself, and can thus, with the Green Knight, forgive Gawain for his unity act of cowardice what he did was done not out of sensual lust but for love of life--the less, then, to blame. In the context of this affectionate sympathy, Gawains own tearing anger at the revelation of his fault must itself be viewed with amusement, as part of his human fallibility. (Marie Borroff, Introduction) FromBorroff, Marie. Sir Gawain and The Green Knight A New Verse Translation. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1967. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gawain is, naturally, more fully drawn than any other character. Not only do we observe him ourselves, we are told how he impressed other people in the story and how he himself thought and felt. We see him behaving, as all expect him to do, with exquisite courtesy but we also see what is not apparent to the other characters, that such behavior does not always come easily to him.

To What Extent Does Trade Help Reduce Development Disparities

To what extent does trade help reduce discipline disparities? The res publica of Malawi in the southeast of Africa is a landlocked awkward in which 85% of the people are employed in agriculture. About 90% of all farmers are smallholder farmers that suffer from low income and underdeveloped techniques. This is just one example of underdeveloped countries all over the world. The question is simple How can these LEDCs develop? sensation improvement of reducing development disparities is the mean of trade the business of buying and selling commodities either within a country or between several countries.Several countries check already initiated techniques to help LEDCs develop. China for examples encourages Chinese firmst to invest in piteouser nations and opens ist cause markets to imports from underdeveloped countries. This global foreign investment is a great opportunity to piddle development opportunities for LEDCs, especially because China itself has just had an extreme f inancial rise so that it is able to help others now. However, critics may think that China by opening up its markets rather sees its own benefit, as it secures raw materials and markets for Chinese manufactured goods.Furthermore, China gets richer and its global importance raises drastically. Experts expect it to overtake Japans prudence soon. Very antithetic to this rather un median(a) approach of reducing development disparities due to trade is established by the FAIRTRADE foundation. This development organisation helps countries in the growth world to improve several different aspects such as sustainable prices for products that never fall under the market price, decent working conditions or fair terms of trade.To achieve this, specific FAIRTRADE certification and product labelling was developed called the FAIRTRADE mark an independet consumer label. Things like the FAIRTRADE minimum price, which heart that a buyer has to pay a plastered price that is fair to the produce r or FAIRTRADE premium, which means that the money payed on top of the minimum prize is spent on social, environmental and economic development projects. Neither pretending to help nor really trying hard to boost LEDCs economy, he three nations USA, Canada and Mexico agreed on the North American reposition Trade Agreement which was set up in January 1994. The Theory of Comparative Advantage shows the intention of this association of nations As they were all economically challenged by westerly Europe and Asia and as the completion of internal market of the EU harmed their economy, it is obvious that with an elimination of trade barriers due to the NAFTA, these countries would all benefit from it in their economic situation.The develop the NAFTA is to eliminate trade barriers, promote economic competition, increase investment opportunities and improve cooperation between the USA, Canada and Mexico. Acualizing these aims will have several impacts on the worlds economy. One example t herefore ist he potential wage and benefir reduction in the US due to Mexicos membership. Also, Mexico would have to adopt higher foreign standards and poor Mexican farmers have now to compete with large-scale, high-tech US- or Canadian farmers. These are just some examples of the impact that the free trade treaty has on its members.Although the idea of free trade troughout nations seems auspicious, it clearly has its weaknesses as well. Concluding, the NAFTA has a good approach which however is not helping LEDCs develop further and rather makes it knotty for in this case Mexico to keep up with its partner-trading-nations USA and Canada. Governments from developed countries try to make LEDCs help themselves by researching and setting up various organisations in mark to make trade easier. One example of this so-called top-down approach is provided for farmers in Malawi.The aim of government-led projects is to allow african farmers being self-sufficient and develop their own busin ess with enough income. A peanut farmer in Malawi is now due to the support of the British government able to sell his peanuts to big abroad markets. As it is difficult for little farmers to access those big markets, buying centres were build by the foreign government in order to allow the farmers easier access. Some farmers then use their income to open bank accounts, start new businesses and put their children through secondary school.In this process, they break out of the vicious circle of poverty. Critics still see problems in this government-led approach as farmers are not concious about being helped to a great extent. In the project of for example Malawi, the British government gets highly voluminous in the economy of a country which often is seen from a negative angle by the population as they would like to manage their economic structures on their own. However, this bottom-up approach to less economically developed countries by its own population is standing in great co ntrast to the government-led approach.As certain people of the country would have to mobilise its people and due to lack of financial support, often resignation by the population limits the development of a country. Several very different approaches towards reducing development disparities were made by governments and foundations. These can be easily contrasted They are either initiated by a country or nation so as to extract the countries benefits out of trade or in order to help and support another country in its development by providing promote for it this government-lead approach is called top-down.The contrast to this approach is called bottom-up and is lead by a countries own population which is a rather difficult process. Generally, trade is a very good way of linking a nations economy, as mostly contracts between countries are established so that both parties benefit from the business. This means that LEDCs can develop and change their status to MEDCs. However, as it is in the nature of the human species to always be best and leading, LEDCs must be very circumspect not to get exploitet by economically powerful nations such as China.

Scripts

Before Introduction Good evening ladies & gentlemen. As event will be beginning shortly, may we invite everyone to brotherly take your seats. thank you. Introduction Good evening _____________, ____________ ladies and gentlemen. Im ___________ and Im __________ we will be your emcees for this evening. On behalf of Linglingay Association, we would like to thank distributively and every one of you for taking the succession to grace this blissful occasion. So relax and enjoy the rest of the evening. Opening prayerBefore we start, may I c on the whole on _____________ for the opening prayer.Pambansang AwitPlease remain standing for the singing of Pambansang Awit to be lead by __________________. Marching of Officers Before anything else, we would like to acknowledge the key persons who took a great discussion section of this joyous affair. Ladies and gentlemen, it is with great pleasure to introduce to you the Linglingay Associations officers. Lets start off. Please make a stand and march as your name is called. So there you hand over it ladies and gentlemen, our most distinguished set of Linglingays Associations officers.Let us once again give them a big round of applause. Message of the PresidentAnd now lets welcome the Linglingay Associations Chairperson. Let us give her a big hit for a job well done. Intoduction of Guest Speaker 1Withtaboo further ado, we would like to warmly welcome ___________. Sir/ Madam, thank you so much for your support. Speaker 2May I have your attention please, as we welcome _______________. Thank you sir/ Madam for gracing this occasion. Speaker 3Also with us here tonight and it is with great pleasure to have our guest speaker _________.Thank you _______________ for going out of your way to be with us. Speaker 4And now, we are truly happy to have here with us the ______________________ Thank you ___________ for sparing your precious time with us. Speaker 5For our next speaker, Friends lets give a big hand to ______________. Thank you Maam, its our pleasure to have you with us. Dance numbersAnd now, the moment we have all been waiting for, presenting to you the __________________ for their hinge upon the light fantastic toe presentation. Thank you for that gracious presentation.Now, May we bring your attention to the dance floor as we welcome ____________________. Asking officials or guest to dance on floorNow may we invite ____________ to be on floor to show his/their talent/s in dancing. Sir the floor is yours. Food In just a few moments ladies and gentlemen food will be served. Enjoy Ladies & gentlemen, we hope you have been enjoying your food so far. Closing remarksMay we now call on _____________, for tha closing message. With that, on behalf of Linglingay Association, we would like to once again hank everyone for gracing this occasion. We hope that you have enjoyed the celebration as much as we have enjoyed hosting it to you. We wish a flourishing new socio-economic class ahead of everyone. Thank yo u. Others Welcome scriptsWe would like to acknowledge the arrival of _____________. Welcome and Thank you for share-out your time with us. We would like to recognize the arrival of _____________. Thank you for overture sir. We would like to acknowledge the presence of __________. Thank you sir,and Welcome to the Linglingays Association New years ball.Thank youAgain Thank you for your participation, you may now takings to your seats. Sir, Madam, Thank you so much for your generosity. Additional scriptsSo I guess thats about it. I hope I did not miss out anyone. If I did, please be so kind to remind me. There you have it ladies and gentlemen. Holidays like Christmas and New Year bring families together. It refreshes the family ties and friendship that have gone out of date and almost forgotten against the toll of time and distance. Goodbye message to speakersThank you for being with us tonight, sir _________.Have a safe trip Thank you for sharing your precious time sir ________. Hap py new year and have a safe trip. Thank you for gracing this occasion ___________. May you have a safe trip Welcome the associations and give their names to the emcee (get their representatives for pageants and boy pick up) Message booth Food for the associations For the guest speakers Food for the judges Game Trip to JerusalemMs. cheery Linglingay Boy pick upGame ka na ba? (10 per association) Mr. and Miss LinglingayBalloons Disco king and queen Bingo

Intro to Marketing Essay

It is important that McDonalds Corporation makes sure that any of their widely attr dissembleive and competitive market procedureivities atomic number 18 produced within the constraints of the law. Consumer protection involves defending consumers by giving them a way to get reparations for damage cause because of faulty reapings. Therefore, McDonalds should keep up with changes in the law and landmark rulings to make sure any marketing in which they atomic number 18 developing wont be illegal.Sales of Goods Act 1979This sham chooses traders to cheat on goods whether that is written, verbal or graphical descriptions, they should be correctly and accurately threadd as intimately as being a satisfactory quality. This delegacy that the condition of the product should include how long it lasts and being fit for purpose is key. This directly affects marketing activity as it means that any marketing should describe the product as accurately and truthful information. the product m oldiness be able to be used for purpose and if not, the customer is entitled to a entire refund or exchange as a result of their concerns. If it is stated, it has to be guaranteed and put on information go forn when advertising can be illegal.For example, McDonalds is one of the biggest solid food industries known glob completelyy. The products that they sell cannot be falsely advertised stating they are very healthy as by law, the amount of calories, fat, carbohydrates and sugar are all ingredients must be state on the packaging. It must be shown to potential customers exactly what products they sell and the quality must meet the standards as they are advertised. If not, this could continue to fines and imprisonment. Also, if a customer has a dispute of a member of McDonalds about the calories of a burger, the customer would then be informed exactly how many calories are in a burger as they are stated on every bit of packaging for exactly what is in the burger.Consumer Protect ion from Un second-rate Trading Regulations 2008This act entitles all customers to fair treatment and honesty from businesses they deal with. This relatively recent piece of legislation should not haveaffected most businesses, but was targeted at organisations that do not always treat their customers well. Under this act, businesses cannot use aggressive sale tactics, or use dishonest promotional campaigns such as false advertising. For example, if McDonalds advertised their burgers on sale and they werent, this would result in mislead customers and giving false impressions to their target audiences which could possibly affect their reputation.EBay is a good example of this act. If an event is bought from a seller that is not as described or to an unsatisfactory quality, the emptor in entitled to a refund. If the seller fights their corner and claims that the bribeers comments are untrue, the buyer can then open a case in the resolution centre in order to resolve this problem. Un der the buyer protection insurance policy, eBay has the right to fight the corner of the buyer so that the right solution is made.Consumer Credit Acts 1974 and 2006This act protects consumers rights when they buy goods on credit or companies lending money to consumers. Traders who offend this law must have an OFT (Office of Fair Trading) licence and any complaints that arise with the customer regarding the organisation is dealt with by the FOS (Financial Ombudsman Service).For example, if you buy an Apple Mac computer, when this good has been paid for using a form of credit whether it be a credit card or credit sympathy arranged by the trader, you may have an equal liability claim against the credit firm providing the contracted amount is over 100 but no much than 30,000.Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000Distance selling is any form of selling where there is no face to face communications between the customer and seller. the regulations require the business t o provide clear information so customers can make more(prenominal) informed decisions regarding their purchases.An example of this regulation would be EBay. The business go out give the consumer information such as goods they are selling, clear description, condition, location, payment options, delivery arrangements and returns policy.Data Protection Act 1998This act means that any information stored by marketers must only be used for the stated purpose, must be accurately up to date and obtained fairly as well as lawfully. The act focuses on all businesses holding any confidential customer information on a database. As well as this, it should be no yearner kept more than it is needed for a processed in line with your rights. It must be kept up to date as if someone passes away, you should not call asking for them.Also, if your information is saved from unauthorised use, it cannot be passed on to other companies without permission. The information which is stored is available for your inspection and correction upon request. It should also be protected from transfer to an area outside of the EEA (European Economic Area) unless adequate. McDonalds only gather personal information when voluntary submitted on their website to give feedback and they have online prize promotions. Sometimes, they change their private policies but only if a pressure group acts against them which is brought to the organisations attention.Trade Descriptions Act 1968The act was introduced in order to protect consumers when purchasing products and services. It stipulates numerous different regulations that traders must adhere when carrying out their marketing activities. Sellers therefore must not mislead customers in any way as well as making descriptive yet accurate. This act not only refers to written descriptions but includes discussions, interactive exchanges and written documents.For example, within this act the trader must not indicate that a price is lower than it actually is a s this is giving customers false information and misguiding them. McDonalds could not advertise that the price of a meal is3.00 is it is more than that because people will get the wrong idea and be displeased by the service and description of their products being false.Code of Advertising Practise and Advertising Standards Authority marketing activities for a organisation are policed by the independent ASA. It is an industry body rather than a legal framework, and it promotes and maintains the UK code of advertising, sales promotion and direct marketing. The rules are to keep within the legal framework, protect customers from misleading claims, become an even footing for advertising.Principals for this include regulations such as the advertising a business produces should be in lines with the following rules should be legal, decent, honest, truthful and have a sense of responsibility. Their advertising should not also be misleading or offensive. For example, McDonalds should not c reate slogans or include graphical advertising methods offending certain animal welfare groups or vegetarians as this is disregarded and taken seriously as well as being odious which they could potential lose customers because of.Ethical considerationA pressure group is an organised group that seeks to influence government policy or to protect a particular cause of interest. They dont fight elections but may promote specific issues and may have more political objectives to aim for whilst enduring their campaign. they are undergone quietly on issues which most citizens wouldnt full understand or recognise. For example, policies such as a checkup association wanting to persuade the government to close down tobacco companies would affect their business and would also result in many convenience stores that would sell cigarettes.For example, in May 2011, more than 500 health professionals signed a petition to ask the makers of happy meals to stop marketing junk food to children so this had an impact on McDonalds in order to fulfil the needs to protesters so now healthier options such as fruit bags and fruit juices were introduced as a substitute to these junk foods. Another example includes the animal rights pressure group PETA launched a global campaign againMcDonalds regarding animal rights issues and have created a hoarding campaign disregarding McDonalds non guilty claims which tried to make the fast-food giants listen to their views against animal welfare and rights.Consumerism is the organised efforts by individuals, groups and governments to help protect consumers from policies and practises that infringe the rights of consumers to fair business practises. It identifies the rights for consumers to be safe, to be informed, to choose and be heard. The Office of Fair Trading plays an active role in implement consumer legislation and to take performance against traders who are seen as unfair.The packaging is an example of this as McDonalds used to use boxes t hat werent biodegradable but now they are being more environmentally friendly by using plastic boxes that wont wear away and the resource is cheaper and will last longer.Advertising is mean to trace customers in but sometimes comments made can be acted upon and made subjective if the viewers dont like what they see or hear. The expression chosen for advertising needs to be accessible to the audience and put in a way that everyone can understand to widen the market of the product or service. The Advertising Standards Authority have acknowledged and acted upon the key areas which are when adverts refer to sex, involve strong language, religions and belief are fought against and also offensive causal agency such as prejudgement or racism.In McDonalds case, critical issues that arose as a result of their advertising were there was claims that the organisation exploits children with its advertising the company was deuced for misleading children by using attractive advertisement as th e use of fun character Ronald McDonald to encourage young people and attracting them to kids meals.Bibliography seat Bevan, H. C.-S. (2010). BTEC Level 3 National Business, Book 1. Harlow, Essex, GBR Pearson Education. http//www.tradedescriptionsact.co.uk/content/trade-descriptions-act-1968-28.html http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/2443603.stm http//www.asa.org.uk/http//www.tradingstandards.gov.uk/http//www.scribd.com/doc/46508929/P2-Limitations-and-Constraints http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/474136.stmhttp//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703509104576329610340358394.html

Pros and Cons of Piracy Essay

The Alliance for Cultural Diversity UNESCO works to prevent and fight against an ever-increasing level of plagiarisation, in part brought close to by recent developments in the use of new technologies and their consequences on cultural product sales. Piracy is detrimental to authors because it deprives them of the chance to profit financially from their work. The publishing, medication, audiovisual and softw atomic number 18 industries atomic number 18 the most severely affected sectors. Critically discuss the pros and cons arguments regarding the consequences of media buc laughingstockeering and position yourself in the debate. (2500 Words)This essay exit critically discuss and evaluate the pros and cons arguments surrounding media piracy and its consequences. The aim is to evaluate what media piracy is and how it has changed the worlds approaches to legislation and copyright laws. This essay leave behind label to focus on the Political, Economic, Technological and Soci al factors of the consequences of piracy, doing so by positioning myself within the argument.Media piracy elicit be defined as the process of the diffusion of someone elses work without their legal consent. Karaginis (2011, p1) believes that piracy has arisen as the consequence of a global pricing problem. Panethiere (2005, p9) refers to piracy as the activity of manufacturing unlicensed copies of protected material and dealing with such copies by way of distribution and sale. As the prices of media goods have risen, so have the come ons surrounding piracy, due to the demand of consumers for sourcing cheaper and more than cost efficient means of accessibility. Lessig (2004, p62) states that the recording industry estimate that it loses about $4.6 billion every year to somatogenetic piracy. This emphasises just how serious an issue piracy is, due to the fact that legion(predicate) media distribution companies ar losing out on grownup amounts of income.A study was conducted in early 2011, questioning participants as to whether they thought illegal file sharing among the public was acceptable. Results showed that 70% of those asked believed that downloading illicit materialfrom the Internet was acceptable. The study also showed that three out four, however, felt it was all unacceptable to then sell that product for profit. http//torrentfreak.com/piracy-socially-acceptable-110228/. This emphasises just how high percentage of the public that are willing to commit a crime and illicitly share files veer conglomerate peer-to-peer (P2P) networking sites.Piracy ignore occur in many forms, although as Lessig, L (2004, p67) argues, that the most significant form of piracy is commercial. He describes this as the unauthorized taking of other stacks content within a commercial context. However it is important to also look at the economical factors, political factors and technological factors surrounding piracy and their consequences. There are a rapidly growin g number of people who are illegally downloading copyrighted material via various peer-to-peer networks. For many, piracy has become a means to access media such as medicinal drug, films and books for relatively cheap prices and often for vacate. This is leading to huge problems within the media distributing industries. There are severe consequences for those found to be breaching copyright laws. Bouchoux (2012, p42) believes that one solution in the fight against piracy of media products is to lower the prices. He argues that the main reason for piracy is that consumers do not believe that they should have to pay these high prices set by the owner.Its not moral, its not right, but its thither and its easy. Theres no one to stop you from doing it, and probably never will be. (Tassi, 2012). It is easy to predict that if one form of media copying is turf out down, then another new method will emerge in its place. Napster is an example of a study P2P sharing site. Launched in July 1999, Napster accumulated over 10 million users within nine months. After 18 months, there were close to 80 million registered users on the site, showing just how vast the potential harvest-tide in this criminal market is. In December of 2000, a study showed that a huge proportion of consumers were college students taking advantage of the blazingly fast Internet connections use on most college campuses. (H2G2, 2003). This demonstrates how technology has become a major factor in the piracy issue, as the students were taking advantage of the advances intechnology as a means of accessing free media.Legal proceedings quickly shut Napster down, however other returns emerged to take their place. These wrap up to provide users with a service that allows them a way of accessing the media they want for free. There are many reasons as to why people engage in media piracy. As shown above, the majority of illegal downloads are made by teenagers and young adults, most commonly in college or u niversity. Economic and social factors make it understandable as to why these downloads are beingness made, as the high prices of todays media makes it difficult for many to afford the legal product, especially within the current recession and on a student budget. Cost may be a deciding factor amongst the reasons that people illegally pirate media. If the price is higher than they are willing to pay, then they may feel incline to look for other ways of sourcing the media. A common justification for this kind of behaviour is that the companies providing the original products are enormous and are making millions of pounds. Therefore many people believe that one stolen piece of media would be unnoticeable for an organisation that large and profitable. In other words, the view is that if the victims cant feel the loss, take from them isnt wrong.The Robin Hood Effect can be applied to piracy in the context of redistributing wealth and income so that economic inequality is reduced. I n other words taking from the rich and giving to the poor. This is essentially what P2P sharing sites are doing, by providing people with a cheaper way of obtaining their favorite media from the large media corporations. Users may feel that their single purchase is not significant in the global scheme of sales, however if every consumer had this same motive, then the major companies providing the legitimate product or services would have no buyers and soon go out of business.Panethiere, (2005, p9) discusses how it is a maxim of the law in many countries that a right without a remedy is, in effect, no right at all. This is well illustrated in the field of able property where authors and other rights holders are so often unable to enforce the rights that the law gives to them. This is a problem encouraged by piracy. Panethiere continues to discuss how the P2P sharing sites too often ignore the rights of the manypeople whose income is dependent upon the recognition of their work and s ales. Panethiere (2005, p11) also suggests that P2P sharing sites are intentionally, deliberately, and systematically attempting to profit from the creations of others. Due to this, strict laws have been put into place to prevent such piracy actually taking place. Recorded music represents the musical life of a society in a particular time. If the best of a kingdoms performers are not being commercially recorded, then their works are not being preserved and the losses to local culture are incalculable. (Panethiere, 2005). The Recording Industries Association of America are just one of many companies working on tracking down and abolishing piracy, working to protect the intellectual property and First Amendment rights of artists and music labels conduct consumer, industry and technical research and monitor and review state and federal laws, regulations and policies (RIAA 2014).Despite the many justification that are offered in its defense, piracy is wrong. By making unauthorized cop ies of any form of media, the user is breaking the law and could in effect be subject to accomplished and criminal charges. Penalties for piracy in the USA include up to five years in jail and fines up to $250,000. It is questionable whether given these high risks piracy is worth it (RIAA, 2014). However in response to this question being raised, there are very few cases of people who have actually been caught and ultimately fined. In most cases consumers are given a written warning and some may have their Internet connection disconnected. Between 2003 (the start of the RIAA lawsuits) and mid-2007, only about 20,000 people had been sued, fined or received a written warning. When taking into account the astonishing numbers of users of P2P sites daily, these statistics on the number of people caught are minute. It is estimated that there are 146 million visits to P2P sharing sites a day, which works out at around 204,000 views and minute and around 53 billion views a year. http//www. go-gulf.com/blog/online-piracy/. As Lewkes & Yar (2013, p50) state what was once an activity of underground counter-culture, today becomes a norm of mainstream culture. This emphasises just how untroub direct consumers are of the consequences they could encounter when illegally accessing this free media provided to them.When looking at the issue of piracy, it may be important to consider the artists views. Some musicians see the accessibility of free downloads as positive (a form of free advertize) whilst other artists may not see this in the same way. P2P allows users to obtain content for free. In come cases it allows consumers to decide whether or not they like the music and if they will make future purchases. This also with applies to films. Having viewed or listened to an illegal download of poor quality, a user may decide to purchase at legitimate copy. Again this relates back to Karaginis (2011) earlier point that piracy occurs as a consequence of a global pricing problem. If these forms of media were available at a cheaper price, users may not look to these sites as a way of either a free or test purchase.Some may argue that piracy is insulting and harmful to artist and producers. When you make unauthorized copies of someones creative work, you are taking something of value from the owner without his or her permission (Yar 2005). many would strongly agree that piracy is stealing and therefore the producers and artists are more than likely to feel betrayed by fans and viewers and that their talents are unappreciated. When looking at music artists, using P2P sites has a blow on effect throughout the industry. Not only does the artist lose money due to pirating but the recording labels, advertising companies and even the loyal fans are also effected, as prices are inevitably raised in order to make up for their loses (Castells, M & Cardoso, G, 2013) and so a cycle is perpetuated. Some Indy bands make a living solely from the revenue they gain from legi timate sales. Illegal downloads of their music make it extremely difficult for them to continue to compete in the market and to produce their music. We can also use the case of tribute bands. This could be seen as a form of piracy as the bands are performing songs that they themselves did not write or produce. However, an individual may enjoy the song and therefore purchase the original artists version. This supports the case that piracy can often have positive effects. It can be seen as a form of advertising and ultimately join on awareness, future sales and revenue.Lessig (2004) believes that the internet has make piracy. Strict laws and legislation have been introduced to try and protect media producers from copyright infringements but Lessig believes that with the birth of the Internet, the law has lost its sight of control, the laws role is less(prenominal) and less to support creativity, and more and more to protect certain industries against competition. Technological advan cements are one of the main reasons for the addd use of piracy. The scale of piracy has been led primarily by shifts in technology and cultural practices. We can look back to the introduction of CDs and VCDs in the 1990s, to the growth of DVDs in the early 2000s, and now on to the more recent growth of high-speed Internet connections. The movie piracy business, for instance, was transformed in China, with the introduction of DVD burners in 2003. This caused a huge increase in both the supply and demand of pirated DVDs, as it became extremely easy to make copies of media and sell at a much cheaper price. .As we can now access the majority of media digitally, it eliminates the need to have physical copies of CDs or DVDs. This reduces consumers desire to have physical copies of materials, and therefore may increase the chances of someone engaging in piracy. Before the introduction of the new media technologies mentioned above, consumers would have often preferred to buy a CD for its a uthenticity, i.e. packaging, artwork and quality. However, now we can easily access digital music files of the same quality as a CD, as well as being able to replace the physical artwork, with digital photos. Assuming the consumer has access to a computer it makes more sense for them to easily download a file in the comfort of their own business firm rather than going into a shop or buying a dodgy disk from someone selling pirated material in the street. Therefore by providing the public with technology that can deliver such services, it increases the chances of piracy, particularly for those with a low income.No one should condone piracy and the law needs to modeling down on it in order to allow production and sales of media goods to grow. I believe that despite the many positive effects that piracy can have for consumers and in some cases producers the laws and legislations must find a way to deter consumers for making this their chosen way of obtaining materials, before the dam ages to the media industries are incurable. iodin solution I feel could beeffective is if the companies use some of their profits to implement a stronger key code system. Whereby each user will only be able to use materials once, therefore making it harder to duplicate and harder to pass onto to others through P2P sites. If piracy continues to take place then it can be assumed that sales will continue to decline. This makes it increasingly difficult for the businesses to survive, as a loss in sales will have a knock on effect throughout the media industry.ReferencesBouchoux, D (2012). Intellectual Properties The Law of Trademarks, Copyright, Patents and Trade Secrets. 4th ed. p42.Castells, M & Cardoso, G (2013). Piracy Cultures How a Growing Portion of the international Population is Building Media Relationships Through Alternative Channels of Obtaining Content. Portugal University of Lisbon.Jewkes, Y & Yar, M (2013). Handbook of Internet Crime. youthful York Routledge. p50.Karag ins, J (2011). Media Piracy in Emerging Economies. join States of America Social Science Research Council. p1.Lessig, L (2004). Free Culture How Big Media Uses Technology And The Law To Lock Down Culture And Control Creativity. New York The Penguin Press. p62 82.Panethiere, D (2005). The Persistence of Piracy The Consequences for Creativity, for Culture, and for Sustainable Development. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. p9.Tassi,P. (2012). You Will Never murder Piracy, and Piracy Will Never Kill You. Availablehttp//www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2012/02/03/you-will-never-kill-piracy-and-piracy-will-never-kill-you/2/.RIAA. (2014). Who Music Theft Hurts. Available https//www.riaa.com/physicalpiracy.php?content_selector=piracy_details_online.http//h2g2.com/edited_entry/A741089http//www.go-gulf.com/blog/online-piracy/70% of the Public Finds Piracy socially Acceptable70% of the Public Finds Piracy Socially Acceptable - TorrentFreak

Philippine Independent Cinema Essay

Independent put downs, more commonly known as independent films, are films non made by mainstream toil houses or movie studios. They are independent of the influences, authority, and control of the mainstream industry (Makuha, 2010).The emergence of new and highly-advanced cameras in the market and the advancement of technology have spawned the growth of indie films. This allowed anyone to create his or her own film in accordance to his or her own style without the influences of mainstream movies, which indeed have good effects on the film industry, especially in the Philippines. These films became more noticed and more important and they have saved the slowly dying film industry (Makuha, 2010).Read more assay About Philippine Independent CinemaIn the brief history of film, advances in technology have from time to time challenged and changed industry models. These advances have wrought their most significant changes on independent sectors of the movie business. In the glory day s of the studio governance, a parallel or serious rival to that system coming from the independent industry would be unthinkable the cost and challenge of production and post-production was prohibitive, difficulties of promotion insurmountable. The Internet and many new digital distribution technologies are now starting to remove barriers for the inductrs and distributors of independent films (Landers, 2006).The development of the 16mm camera and advances in sound technology made it possible, though settle down difficult, for individuals or small groups of filmmakers to make their vision clear something rarely possible in the days of the Edison monopoly on technology, or the prohibitive cost of 35mm cameras and professional lighting setups. The challenges of film making were still large in number, but the development of an independent sector of the industry forced the majors to take notice, though the development of subsidiaries specifically tasked to take crinkle of and distri bute promising independent films failed to materialize. Independent film had a confined audience, generally limited to subcultures of underground or experimental film. (Such audiences were often primarily cool of fellow filmmakers though it bears noting that in many cases, these self-selecting individuals were not those who would turn out to view a majority of the studio efforts.) (Tioseco, 2005)Within the last several decades, advances in digital cinema have furthered a similar and all the more powerful renaissance. High-resolution digital video offers an image quality that rivals that of film stock, bandage video camcorders, and relatively affordable professional-quality editing software capable of being run on inexpensive PCs have made the production and post-production process possible, valid and accessible for a substantial number of individuals. With the resulting increase in the number and quality of such films being made, a resulting cultural scene emerged alongside, but not quite outside, the mainstream (Landers, 2006).

Chabros International Group: A World of Wood

The Chabros external Group started with fairly low-key beginnings in the late sixties, but has gradually become a see name in a wealth of various timber marketplaces. In subdivisionicular, it has become a well- enjoyn wood and veneer supplier due to the disconsolate and often pioneering efforts of its president Antoine Chami, who has cautiously built up a reputation for high shade mathematical products and exceptional service. The follow employs more(prenominal) than 600 staff with an annual employee turnover of $100 million USD.Chabros is a leading citer and supplier of wood and veneer and a distributor of a wide range of interior and outside products that have been specified and apply in major high-end projects throughout the Middle eastward for over 40 years. With an aim to cater to the innovative needs of woodwork professionals, architects & interior designers as well as contractors, Chabros has seted overseas production units and distribution points throughout th e Middle East Region, targeting businesses that argon in search for timberland products and exceptional service.In addition to its warm presence of Lebanon, Chabros has always been devoted to expand its range of products to provide original and fresh design solutions to its customers. Chabros has also added a phone line of services to its current product offerings including veneer stitching & pressing, sanding, veneer finger jointing, parquet and exterior decking installation as well as teak boat decking. Chabros is positioned as one of the market leading suppliers of Wood & Veneer with a large stock of wide range of products, exceptional service and unique expertise.The companys success is impelled by its loyal customers, their team and their unrelenting focus on delivering results by executing with excellence. In Lebanon, Chabros was one of the first to produce veneer products instead of unwavering wood because of its ecological and economical benefits. The companys vision h as always been to expand the business further in tell to meet the indus rises demands and replenish the shortages that exist. However, due to the wars and political unrest in Lebanon, the companys desire to expand was stifled somewhat until 1998 when it ventured into the GCC and could establish a branch in Dubai.In the midst of a growing global market, Chabros has established overseas production units and distribution points throughout the Middle East Region, targeting businesses that are in search for quality products and exceptional service. The companys regional distribution centers are headquartered in Dubai covering a vast geographical field of study of supply. The Chabros world-wide Group movement studies how Chabros confronts a drastic drop in its largest subsidiarys sales after 2008s global economic crisis.Chami, the companys owner and president, was reviewing his companys 2009 end-of-year fiscal statements and, in particular, a 30 per cent drop in sales in Dubai. In 200 7, a year before the global economic crisis, Chami had invested more than $11 million to obtain and expand a sawmill in Serbia to meet Chabross growing lumber sales demand. With a much higher capability to produce lumber and a much lower probability to get by it, Chami had to decide what to do to overcome this challenge. Shocked, Chami went into crisis mode and consulted all of his top management to pass over these issues.Questions that were raised Should he intimately part of his Serbian sawmill? Should he try to boost his companys sales to use all of his sawmills available capacity? If so, should Chabros try to increase sales in spite of appearance the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, and Egypt or should it expand into a new country such as Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Syria, Tunisia? Would Morocco, among new(prenominal) countries, be the scoop out country to expand into? Was it the in force(p) time to embark on such an expansion?T he management also had explored different alternatives such as closing parts of the Serbian sawmill and different strategies that they could follow if they decided to try grow the companys sales. The future seemed so uncertain and the team did not know what to expect. It was clear that closing the Serbian sawmill was out of the question, mainly because the company had invested over $11 just less than two years ago. Closing that prove would put the company in a difficult financial situation as it invested for the long run.The companys best alternative would be to handle operations in the Serbian sawmill and try to expand into other markets where such materials were in high demand. Prior to this, expansion, an extensive research would have to be conducted, particularly due to the crisis impact many parts of the world. If Chabros was able to find an expanding market, they could continue operations in all of their sawmills. Another option would be to sell off either part of the opera tions or the accurate sawmill.Both of these options would put them at a loss, however, it would be a better option than shutting the entire mill. Some of the strengths and competitive advantages, which Chabros International Group consisted of, were being simultaneously a manufacturer and a wholesaler, which gave them strategic flexibility. They understood and adapted to its Western suppliers and the Middle East and North Africa suppliers. Lebanese pile are genuinely adaptable due to their culture, which brought the main sawmill to a much greater advantage.Another strength which Chabros had, was providing its customers with more wide-ranging and customized wood products than most other competitors, which built distinctive relationships with its key suppliers. With strengths and advantages come disadvantages, which Chabros had as well. Being a lumber manufacturer put Chabros in the turn back situation and sometimes gave it a disadvantage compared to lumber wholesalers. This happen ed during the financial crisis, where euro reached an all time high of $1.55 and Chabros Russian supplier was able to sell at a lower price. A weak point where Chabros stands, is not working on their brand name. Although Chabros was operating in seven MENA countries, their name was not very well known, not to honour in its parent country, Lebanon. Through its affiliates all over the world, the company has established strategic alliances with mills in Africa, North and southeastward America and Europe, which are prudent for sourcing, cooking, cutting, drying, grading and supplying the various wood products.In recent years, it has broadened its product lines to include new products such as mother-of-pearl laminates and Duroxill UF pulverisation glue. The growth of the company nitty-gritty it has also extended its services, which have developed to include the production of lay-ons, veneered boards and parquetry designs through the use of various splicing, cutting and laser machines in its different locations.Chabros International Group A World of WoodThe Chabros International Group started with fairly low-key beginnings in the late sixties, but has gradually become a respected name in a wealth of different timber markets. In particular, it has become a well-known wood and veneer supplier due to the relentless and often pioneering efforts of its president Antoine Chami, who has carefully built up a reputation for high quality products and exceptional service. The company employs more than 600 staff with an annual turnover of $100 million USD.Chabros is a leading producer and supplier of wood and veneer and a distributor of a wide range of interior and exterior products that have been specified and used in major high-end projects throughout the Middle East for over 40 years. With an aim to cater to the innovative needs of woodworking professionals, architects & interior designers as well as contractors, Chabros has established overseas production units and dist ribution points throughout the Middle East Region, targeting businesses that are in search for quality products and exceptional service.In addition to its strong presence of Lebanon, Chabros has always been devoted to expand its range of products to provide original and fresh design solutions to its customers. Chabros has also added a line of services to its current product offerings including veneer stitching & pressing, sanding, veneer finger jointing, parquet and exterior decking installation as well as teak yacht decking. Chabros is positioned as one of the market leading suppliers of Wood & Veneer with a large stock of wide range of products, exceptional service and unique expertise.The companys success is driven by its loyal customers, their team and their unrelenting focus on delivering results by executing with excellence. In Lebanon, Chabros was one of the first to produce veneer products instead of solid wood because of its ecological and economical benefits. The companys vision has always been to expand the business further in order to meet the industrys demands and replenish the shortages that exist. However, due to the wars and political unrest in Lebanon, the companys desire to expand was stifled somewhat until 1998 when it ventured into the GCC and could establish a branch in Dubai.In the midst of a growing global market, Chabros has established overseas production units and distribution points throughout the Middle East Region, targeting businesses that are in search for quality products and exceptional service. The companys regional distribution centers are headquartered in Dubai covering a vast geographical area of supply. The Chabros International Group case studies how Chabros confronts a drastic drop in its largest subsidiarys sales after 2008s global economic crisis.Chami, the companys owner and president, was reviewing his companys 2009 end-of-year financial statements and, in particular, a 30 per cent drop in sales in Dubai. In 2007, a year before the global economic crisis, Chami had invested more than $11 million to acquire and expand a sawmill in Serbia to meet Chabross growing lumber sales demand. With a much higher capacity to produce lumber and a much lower probability to sell it, Chami had to decide what to do to overcome this challenge. Shocked, Chami went into crisis mode and consulted all of his top management to address these issues.Questions that were raised Should he close parts of his Serbian sawmill? Should he try to boost his companys sales to use all of his sawmills available capacity? If so, should Chabros try to increase sales within the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, and Egypt or should it expand into a new country such as Algeria, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Syria, Tunisia? Would Morocco, among other countries, be the best country to expand into? Was it the right time to embark on such an expansion?The management also had explored different alternatives such a s closing parts of the Serbian sawmill and different strategies that they could follow if they decided to try grow the companys sales. The future seemed so uncertain and the team did not know what to expect. It was clear that closing the Serbian sawmill was out of the question, mainly because the company had invested over $11 just less than two years ago. Closing that plant would put the company in a difficult financial situation as it invested for the long run.The companys best alternative would be to continue operations in the Serbian sawmill and try to expand into other markets where such materials were in high demand. Prior to this, expansion, an extensive research would have to be conducted, particularly due to the crisis affecting many parts of the world. If Chabros was able to find an expanding market, they could continue operations in all of their sawmills. Another option would be to sell off either part of the operations or the entire sawmill.Both of these options would put them at a loss, however, it would be a better option than shutting the entire mill. Some of the strengths and competitive advantages, which Chabros International Group consisted of, were being simultaneously a manufacturer and a wholesaler, which gave them strategic flexibility. They understood and adapted to its Western suppliers and the Middle East and North Africa suppliers. Lebanese people are very adaptable due to their culture, which brought the main sawmill to a much greater advantage.Another strength which Chabros had, was providing its customers with more varied and customized wood products than most other competitors, which built distinctive relationships with its key suppliers. With strengths and advantages come disadvantages, which Chabros had as well. Being a lumber manufacturer put Chabros in the reverse situation and sometimes gave it a disadvantage compared to lumber wholesalers.This happened during the financial crisis, where euro reached an all time high of $1.55 and Chabros Russian supplier was able to sell at a lower price. A weak point where Chabros stands, is not working on their brand name. Although Chabros was operating in seven MENA countries, their name was not very well known, not to mention in its parent country, Lebanon. Through its affiliates all over the world, the company has established strategic alliances with mills in Africa, North and South America and Europe, which are responsible for sourcing, cooking, cutting, drying, grading and supplying the various wood products.In recent years, it has broadened its product lines to include new products such as mother-of-pearl laminates and Duroxill UF powder glue. The growth of the company means it has also extended its services, which have developed to include the production of lay-ons, veneered boards and parquetry designs through the use of various splicing, cutting and laser machines in its different locations.

Biological Effect of Radiation

EFFECTS OF RADIATION Background Radiation is all around us. It is naturally present in our surround and has been since the birth of this planet. Consequently, life has evolved in an environment which has significant levels of ionizing radiation. It comes from outer space (cosmic), the ground (terrestrial), and even from within our own bodies. It is present in the air we breathe, the sustenance we eat, the water we drink, and in the construction materials used to build our homes. Certain foods such as bananas and brazil nuts naturally contain higher levels of radiation than former(a) foods.Brick and stone homes have higher natural radiation levels than homes made of other building materials such as wood. Our nations Capitol, which is largely constructed of granite, contains higher levels of natural radiation than close homes. How does radiation have an impact on health? Too much radiation, handle too much of anything, is harmful. We know about this h arm from research and from accidents, and from the set up of the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945.The effects can range from mild gastrointestinal problems (such as nausea and vomiting) to changes in the blood, to damage to the underlying nervous system. Too little radiation, likewise, is also harmful. The worlds flora and fauna, including human beings, have grown up in a radioactive environment. We know from research in which organisms have been shielded from everyday radiation that their growth is stunted. We also know it from comparing populations that receive different levels of radiation be exertion of their location.Often, the populations receiving the or so radiation argon healthier and suffer fewer cancers. In between these extremes, it is usual to protect workers when they work in industries that use sources of radiation. Radioactive materials decay spontaneously to produce ionising radiation, which has the capacity to cause significant damage to the bodys inte rnal chemistry, breaking the chemical bonds between the atoms and molecules that make up our tissues. Damage to the DNA of a cell is particularly important.The body responds by trying to repair this damage, but at high doses it is too severe or widespread to make repair possible, leading to short-term acute health effects. There is also a danger of mistakes in the natural DNA repair process, which can lead in the long-term to cancer. Regions of the body that are most vulnerable to acute radiation damage include the cells lining the intestine and stomach, and the blood-cell producing cells in the bone marrow. The extent of the damage caused is dependent on how long raft are exposed to radiation, and at what level.These can include smaller head or brain size, poorly formed eyes, slow growth and severe reading difficulties. . COMMON RADIOISOTOPES AND THEIR USES Americium-241 Used in many smoke detectors for homes and businesses to visor levels of toxic lead in dried paint samples, to ensure uniform thickness in rolling processes like steel and paper production, and to help determine where oil wells should be drilled Cadmium-109 Used to analyze metal alloys for checking stock and sort scrap Calcium-47 Aid to biomedical researchers studying the cell function and bone formation of mammals.Californium-252 Used to circular the mineral content of coal ash and to measure the moisture of materials sto bolshy in silos Carbon-14 Used in research to ensure that potential new drugs are metabolized without forming harmful by-products. Cesium-137 Used to treat cancers to calibrate the equipment used to measure correct patient dosages of radioactive pharmaceuticals to measure and control the liquid flow in oil pipelines to tell researchers whether oil wells are plugged by sand and to ensure the right fill level for packages of food, drugs and other products. The products in these packages do not become radioactive. ) Chromium-51 Used in research in red blood cell surviva l studies. Cobalt-57 Used in nuclear medicine to help physicians interpret diagnostic scans of patients organs, and to diagnose pernicious anemia. Cobalt-60 Used to sterilize working(a) instruments to improve the safety and reliability of industrial fuel oil burners and to preserve poultry, fruits and spices.Copper-67 When injected with monoclonal antibodies into a cancer patient, helps the antibodies bind to and destroy the tumor Curium-244 Used in mining to analyze material excavated from pits and slurries from drilling operations. Iodine-123 Widely used to diagnose thyroid disorders. Iodine-129 Used to check some radioactivity counters in vitro diagnostic test laboratories. Iodine-131 Used to diagnose and treat thyroid disorders Iridium-192 Used to test the integrity of pipeline welds, boilers and aircraft parts.Iron-55 Used to analyze electroplating solutions. Krypton-85 Used in indicator lights in appliances like clothes washers and dryers, stereos and coffeemakers to gauge t he thickness of thin plastics, sheet metal, rubber, textiles and paper and to measure dust and pollutant levels. Nickel-63 Used to detect explosives and as voltage regulators and current surge protectors in electronic devices Phosphorus-32 Used in molecular biology IN MEDICINERadioisotopes have found extensive use in diagnosis and therapy, and this has given rise to a rapidly growing field called nuclear medicine. These radioactive isotopes have proven particularly effective as tracers in certain diagnostic procedures. As radioisotopes are identical chemically with stable isotopes of the same element, they can take the place of the latter in physiological processes. Moreover, because of their radioactivity, they can be readily traced even in minute quantities with such detection devices as gamma-ray spectrometers and proportional counters.

Online Learning Essay

Chapter 11, 12, 13 Questions Please answer all the questions below in complete sentences. In addition, please make sure to write your answers in a font color otherwise than black. In Chapter 11, page 83 of our textbook, Power Up, A Practical Students Guide to Online Learning, the authors discuss subscribe Skills. 1. In your own wrangle, please summarize the three bullet points in the parting entitled paying Attention. In order to gain the full understanding of the readings during class, one must put his or her heighten to the fullest towards the main subject. 2.The authors believe that note taking is dependent on your learning style. That said, how do they define useful note taking in an online stratum? I believe not taking in an online course mainly include save all the assignments, read all the announcements, and print out what is necessary. 3. In the section entitled Testing in the Online Environment, the authors make three points. Please summarize in your own words about t he importance of pacing yourself with respect to an online test? Most of online tests are timed. Students must be vigilant for any circumstances.In other words, complete the tests or quizzes early In Chapter 12, the authors discuss evolving learners and present us with a 21st century model (See image on page 88). 1. Using the textbook as a guide, please define the following concepts in one sentence a. Learning and Innovation Skills particularize these skills include originality, inventiveness and adapt efficacy, critical thinking and problem solving. b. Information, Media, and Technology Skills Define the ability to communicate competently in all media forms as wells as annoy, understand, analyze evaluate and participate with the powerful tummy media culture.c. Life and Career Skills Define Mastery of 21-century Technology must be accompanied by such personal qualities as initiative and self-direction, social and cross-cultural awareness. 2. What do the authors have to say abo ut swordplay and simulation? Please summarize below in your own words. In games, people are bound to the fact that there are no negative consequences of such. In other words, it allowed leaners to take risk without organism punish. 3. Mobile Devices are connecting learners to the learning process. What are some of the benefits of mobile devices with respect to online learning?Quick access to required resources if you are not near a computer Easily maintained wireless connectivity The ability to study familiar tools you already regularly The conveniences of downloading lectures and other audio to smartphones for use at your leisure. In Chapter 13, the authors discuss computer concerns with respect to online learning. 1. In your own words, please define the following terms a. hardware Define its a term used to describe the parts of your computer that are manifest and take up space on your desk. b. MonitorDefine is the screen on which the computer projects images of your computeer background or different software programs such as word or excel. c. Keyboard Define contains the alphabetic, numeric and other button you use to type messages and documents. d. Memory Define Part of your computer that retains information for future convalescence e. Operating System Define An operating system acts like a bridge between the user and the CPU 2. What is commonly used origination software in an online environment? The common use for presentation software is simply to demonstrates the outline of a lecture.

Great Gatsby Review Paper

expectant Gatsby Review- CERTIFICATE OF typography COMP 1500 College Writing Farquhar College of Arts and Sciences Division of Hu objet dartities Submitted by Assignment Number 1 Assignment statute title The Great Gatsby Review Date March 16, 2013 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowl go on and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I used data, ideas, or words, each quoted directly or paraphrased.I also certify that this paper was prepargond by me specifically for this course. Students Signature The Great Gatsby Im known to be a very picky reader. I judge titles, the size of font, and the cover illustration. With all this in mind, I thought I would hate the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. On the contrary, this book was a page turner, and I constantly found myself at the edge of my seat biting my nails in anticipation. The descriptions in this bo ok helps you imagine and greet the characters so vividly.Fitzgerald showsan excellent accord of lives that contain the great American Dream of being a millionaire and being happily married, yet are corrupted by greed. The more you read into the novel, the more you get pulled into a twisted love story. In the beginning of the novel, I was a little lost. I couldnt understand who goes to an extravagant mansion society without knowing who the host is, or why nobody tried to find out. Luckily, our narrator, Nick, goes searching for this host.A drunken man wearing owl glasses stumbles upon Nick and begins observing the novels on the large bookcase. To his surprise, all the novels are documentary and not a facade to make the host look intelligent. When I discussed this with my teacher, she said this may be a foreshadowing that resident of this wealthy community use wealth to cover up their wrongdoings and example decay. What is the host, Gatsby, hiding if he wasnt getting credit for a ny of his parties? This mystery pulled me into the book and thats when I began to love it.We soon meet the rich and romantic Gatsby and who seems like he has his whole life together. Hes well respected for being in the army, rich and handsome. Despite all the magic, its a cruel facade. Behind the glitter lies a sad story with gloom and intensity. The Great Gatsby shows his desire into harsh, vivid light. He is a character who is so perfectly and tragically characterized, as he forgot his honest ultimo as Jay Gatsby, and lost Daisy, his true love, who perfectly biddings her part as innocent malevolence.If thats not enough, Gatsby essential also compete with Tom, Daisys husband, who cutely watches while he boasts of his physique and wealth. The two struggle to play their position in this twisted love triangle, which harms countless victims. Among the disorder, seems to be the only one with true acquaintance of what is right, but doesnt stop the chaos. The relationship is a massac re where no one truly wins. solely in all, The Great Gatsby is about deception and the American Dream.Fitzgerald blurs our view with reality of the harsh world, yet slyly lets us see clearly enough to see Nicks view on the chaos. Because Gatsby represents the righteousness of the American Dream, Fitzgerald shows that it will only lead to the decay of innocence and trouble, as Gatsby did during his transition from an honest, to corrupt man. Fitzgerald all right handles this complex scheme in a way I have never seen replicated in authors today. I enjoy the book because once you think you know whats going to happen, Fitzgerald slyly flips the script perfectly.

Obesity and Pregnancy Essay

Have you invariably leisurely walked down an isle at Target and noniced a fraught(p) women waddling from locating to side and thought to yourself man she is fat? Well she re all(prenominal)y is. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it whitethorn sacrifice an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and increase health problems. Maternal corpulency is a major(ip) risk eventor in short term for both maternal and foetal complications, including maternal and fetal mortality, miscarriages, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), maternalism-induced hypertensive disorders, marcrosomia and caesargonan sections.A baby could be affected by these tragic events up until the age of 18. This rise of the obesity rate has a devastating impact on implications for the nations health care system and the populations future quality of life. The convention weight unit for women is (BMI 19. 8 25. 9), (BMI 26 29) for heavy( a) women and a BMI over 30 is considered obese. BMI is known as Body Mass Index, which is a number calculated based on weight and height. Pregnant women do excess weight payable to the lack of exercise. The majority of women do not know that they can continue exercising at least tether times per week during motherhood.Women should be more informed about e genuinelything they should and should not do during their pregnancy. The most common type of exercise for large(predicate) women is walking. Gardening, aerobics, and usage of exercise machines are also means of exercising. play also has many other sound health effects such as reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers as well as im developd quality of life and stirred up status1. If you conceived the child then why not exercise instead of a chance at miscarrying it? A pregnant womans diet is an essential part of her pregnancy. times out of 10, a pregnant woman constantly hears from her peers th at she needs to eat more since she is eating for two.We forget the fact that she could potentially have obese. From a doctors standpoint, he should take the initiative to urge the mother not to go overboard with eating. Both mother and baby need a balanced diet full of alter fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, un pure(a) plant-based fats, fiber and calcium. Refined grains, most processed foods and foods amply in sugar and saturated fats should be avoided. The development of the babys organs and bones depend on obtaining sufficient nutrients from the mother. condescension the fact that pregnant women do not need to become obese they also do not need to diet during pregnancy. Maternal obesity is associated with an overall higher rate of labor induction, which requires higher oxytocin and prostaglandin doses than for women of normal BMI. Oxytocin is responsible for stimulation of milk ejection (milk letdown) and for stimulation of uterine smooth brawniness contraction at birth. Pros taglandins are important mediators of uterine activity. It is very common for an obese woman to have a cesarean section instead of a natural pregnancy.Obese women are two to three times more likely to have an emergency cesarean due to factors such as a large baby or failure to progress. Why would you want to go through the agony of acquiring cut open like a dissected pig when it isnt necessary? Maternal overweight and diabetes (gestational and type 2) has repeatedly been associated with a number of delivery complications, which includes prolonged birth, birth asphyxia, shoulder dystocia, injuries to the baby and the mother, increased use of instrumental vaginal deliveries and cesarean sections, and postpartum hemorrhaging2.Some long-term effects are also associated with obesity in pregnancy such as an increased risk of having diabetes and cardiovascular disease posterior in life. During pregnancy, serum markers of inflammation are raised in overweight and obese women when compared with their normal BMI counterparts2. otherwise problems during pregnancy also link with chronic inflammation. Cord line of descent from babies born to obese mothers also has disappoint mean vitamin D concentrations when compared to those born of women with normal BMI.A fetus depends on maternal skin depiction for activation of vitamin D, but if the mother is obese then it is likely that she is vitamin D deficient. There is consequently meaningful scientific evidence to support the requirement for maternal vitamin D sufficiency in pregnancy for normal development of the fetal brain and skeleton. Folate deficiency is also common in obese pregnant women. Folate deficiency in the general pregnant population is associated with an increased risk for fetal uneasy tube defect, and this risk is reduced by the use of pre-conceptual folate2.Data from the National Maternal and Infant health Survey showed that among the women who gained more than the recommended weight during pregnancy, g reater than 30% retained an average of 2. 5 kgs at 10 to 18 months postpartum as opposed to retention of 1 kg among women who gained at the recommended level1. If women are promote to keep weight off during their pregnancy then they wont have to face obesity postpartum. Researchers are still in the process of finding other ways to prevent obesity during pregnancy such as efficient ways to diet.Provision of weight management services to advise and educate regarding obesity-associated obstetric risk and weight optimization prior to conception is strongly recommended2. One thing that women would not normally categorize as such a big issue is regularly monitoring their blood pressure, which would be a start of becoming a healthy mother. Screening for gestational diabetes, using a 75 g OGTT, should be undertaken in all women with BMI 30 kg/m 2 amidst 24 and 28 weeks gestation2. No women should want to look and feel as fat as an elephant. Therefore, it is beneficial to continue physical activity afterwards having a baby.The measurement of psychosocial attributes in the postpartum period has by and large focused on postpartum depression and social support, with little attention to the role these and other psychosocial factors may play in health behaviors associated with weight retention and activity3. During pregnancy, some women are distressed about their weight and think they have a negative body image. Some say that they feel as if they are as big as a house.Postpartum depression has received much attention among clinicians because 10-16% of women jibe diagnostic criteria for major depression. Women with excessive pregnancy weight gain (20? kg) gain up to 10. 2. 1? kg of adipose tissue4. If a woman plans on having another child after being obese during the root pregnancy then she will most likely be obese during her second pregnancy. One would not believe something so detrimental to your health, such as a smoker continuing to smoke during pregnancy would prod uce no weight gain. It is astounding that those who dont smoke could gain more than those who do. The capital of Sweden Pregnancy and Weight Development Study on 1423 women concluded that, apart from pregnancy weight gain, completely smoking cessation can be considered as a predictor for persistent weight gain after 1 year postpartum4.Lactation is known as something to facilitate weight loss after pregnancy. Production of milk is an energy-requiring process and has been calculated to increase energy requirements by 500? kcal per day4. This is due to the fact that the net efficiency of milk synthesis in women is high. Weight changes after delivery are hooked on factors other than lactation status. Sarah Leigh, a 30-year-old obese pregnant mother, found out she had gestational diabetes. Sarah was very self-conscious about this situation and does not wish to report anything other than her name and age.She describes the daunting changes she had to fare in her day-to-day lifestyle. S arah Leigh had to check her blood sugar levels up to six times a day. The sugar-coated sweets that Sarah Leigh usually enjoyed would now have to be cut out altogether. There would be no deep brown and fruit even had to be eaten in moderation. Even though Sarah Leigh made the changes to her diet, her blood levels were still high and she had to be put on medication to control the diabetes. Sarah Leigh explained how even though she felt deprived of all her favorite foods she feels healthier.Sarah enjoys her new lifestyle of eating a wide variety of foods. As long as she eats in moderation then her blood sugars remain balanced. Sarah talked about how there were times when she honorable wanted to taste a chocolate bar, but she knew that she and the baby were better off without it. Sarah would like to take to everyone that if they feel they have a slight chance of having gestational diabetes to go to your doctor immediately. The sooner it is interact then mother and the child are in better shape.Behavioral interventions, such as advising women of the recommended weight gain ranges, and promoting healthy dietary intake and regular exercise during the prenatal and postpartum periods may prove important in preventing obesity and the related health problems later in life. People should keep in mind that body weight tends to increase with age, irrespective of whether women have children or not. A pregnancy should be carefully planned. Two lives are at stake instead of one.

Marketing Creates Customer Needs Essay

Marketing creates customer unavoidably. The sideline paper give elucidate how consumers are made not born. Marketing entices customers to try naked as a jaybird products or do new things that they may never wear thought of before. Commercialism is everywhere you turn. From the glossy ads, pop ups on their data processor screen, billboards, emails, tweets, radio, television, telemarketers, etc. You substructuret get away from advertising wherever you go. The marketers would not be continuing if it was not so successful in getting people to buy more of what they are selling. The following paragraphs will give examples of successful marketing advertisement campaigns and how they were effective. According to Forbes, for advertising to be effective it needs to be memor subject, yoke with the consumer by delivering a person meaningful message that specialises them how their product would make their spiritedness a better place, stand for ranges beyond the product itself, and be intricately tied to the trademark not to be confused with the competitor. (Greewald, 2014).The article gives several examples of successful ad campaigns. First, the Red Bull gives you move campaign. The ads are inspirational telling consumers if you use our product you will do everything better from studying to doing your occupancy better. It empowers people and gets them to relate to the product. Next, the Beats Dr. Dre advertising campaign. The advertisements tell the consumer that by wearing these headphones you will be able to overcome your critics and be empowered to turn over in yourself. They depict athlete Kevin Garnett blocking out his critics and allowing him to center on positive thoughts and the music he loves. both advertisements connect with the consumer on a psychological level. They focal point on you relating to our needs to do better and finding wideness in ourselves. It is what most of ustell ourselves every daylight- dont listen to the people that are ou r critics and believe in yourself. Find greatness and believe in yourself sounds more like a motivational speaker however it works to connect the consumer to the product. According to Forbes both campaigns met all the aspects to be effective.Both these products are not necessary for humans to survive. Both products are considered a want not a need. The advertisers have convinced students far and wide to soak up Red Bull because it will help you concentrate more and be successful. We all survived before without these products. They have successfully changed the mindset of consumers who now believe the opposite that they now cant survive without them. genius of the most successful marketing campaigns has been Apples I Phones. Hundreds of people stand in line when their newest product becomes available. all over you look people have an I Phone. It is a sign of stature to have the state-of-the- art engineering which includes the latest and greatest that Apple has to offer. It has bec ome an item people cant live without. I lost my I phone for 24 hours and thought I was going to have an anxiety attack. all in all my personal information, contacts, bank phone card information is all in the one little phone.I cant remember any of my important phone numbers anymore because I dont need to they are all in the phone. They have made it irreplaceable in our day to day living. This is the ultimate in marketing and sales of a product. I lived 36 years without ever having a cellular phone and survived just fine. Now I see 8 year olds with I phones handicraft their friends and tweeting Marketing provides a value to business in that it helps showcase their products and engage consumers in purchasing them. The value to society is that some of these products may make our lives easier and we can benefit from them. In conclusion, I believe that marketing creates a need we didnt know existed until they showed us their fabulous products.They connect with us, make us believe tha t what they are offering will improve our lives and are necessary for our existence. I agree that marketers encourage consumers to fall money they do not have on non-essential items. So many Americans have credit card debt. The average American household has nearly $7000 of credit card debt as of December 2013. (Credit display panel Debt Statistics, 2013). We act to spend money on things we dont really need with money we dont have. It is a vicious cycle for many Americans that leave them broke and in some instances homeless.ReferencesCredit Card Debt Statistics. (2013). Credit Card Debt Statistics. Money-Zine.com http//www.money-zine.com/financial-planning/debt-consolidation/credit-card-debt-statistics).Greewald, M. (2014, July 10). Secrets of 7 of the Most Effective Ad Campaigns. Forbes.com http//www.forbes.com/sites/michellegreenwald/2014/07/10/secrets-of-7-of-the-most-effective-ad-campaigns/

Crusades: First Crusade and New Paragraph

The exhorts were a series of religiously sanction military campaigns waged by a great deal of Western Christian europium, particularly the Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to bear on Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, surrounded by 1095 and 1291. There are several reasons for the Crusades, and the importance and relevance of many are debated by scholars even so to this day. (NEW PARAGRAPH) In the Middle Ages, Christians considered Palestine the Holy Land because it was where Jesus had lived and taught.The Arabs had conquered Palestine in the 600s. Most Arabs were Muslims, but they usually tolerated other religions. Jews and Christians who paid their taxes and observed other regulations were free to live in Palestine and usage their own religion. The Arab rulers didnt usually interfere with Christian pilgrims visiting Palestine, and atomic number 63an traders could generally do wrinkle there. Du ring the 1000s the Seljuk Turks, people from central Asia who had adopted the Muslim faith, conquered Palestine and attacked Asia Minor, which was part of the Byzantine Empire. NEW PARAGRAPH) When the Turks peril the capital city of Constantinople, the Byzantine emperor appealed to the pope in Rome.Because Christian pilgrims going to Palestine came place with reports of persecution from the Turks, the Byzantine emperors appeal for help found a reception in Europe. (NEW PARAGRAPH) pope urban I wanted to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. He called a great encounter of church leading and French nobles at Clermont France in 1095. At the meeting he encouraged the justly feudal nobles to stop fighting with each other, and to join in one big war against the unbelievers. Urbans request made his listeners very enthusiastic and they united in one big cry, perfection wills it (NEW PARAGRAPH) From Clermont people traveled through France preaching the cause. The people who joined th e expeditions sewed a cloth bollocks on their clothes. They were called crusaders, from the Latin word cruciata, which means, marked with a cross. People joined the Crusades, the expeditions to regain the Holy Land, for many another(prenominal) different reasons. Most knights joined the crusades for the land and plunder in the rich Middle East. Merchants saw a chance to make money.The pope promised both heavenly and earthly rewards. Those who died on a Crusade were verbalize to go strait to heaven. (NEW PARAGRAPH) The pope besides guaranteed church protection of the crusaders property and family during his absence. Debtors who joined a Crusade had their debts canceled. Criminals were relieved of punishment. The Crusades appealed to both a love of adventure and the promise of reward- the desire to run away debts or punishment. French and Norman nobles led the First Crusade that chokeed from 1096 to 1099. In three organized armies, they marched across Europe to Constantinople. NEW PARAGRAPH) The crusaders received a hostile reception in Constantinople. The Byzantine emperor had asked for some assistance, but now, seeing three armies approaching the city, he feared they might capture and plunder the capitol. After much discussion the Byzantines allowed the crusaders to pass through Constantinople to begin their long, hot march across Asia Minor toward Palestine. In their woolen and leather garments and their heavy armor, the crusaders suffered severely from the heat. Because they had few pack animals, a shortage of food and water plagued them.Additional problems erupted when the leaders quarreled over fiefs in the lands they captured. Despite these difficulties, however, the crusaders forged on to capture the city of Antioch. Then they marched toward capital of Israel. If the Turks had not also been quarreling and disunited, the expedition would have failed. (NEW PARAGRAPH) Conditions improved as the crusaders marched down the seacoast toward Palestine. Fleets of ships from the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa brought reinforcements and supplies. The crusaders captured Jerusalem after a short battle and slaughtered the Muslim inhabitants.One leader wrote to the pope that his horses legs had been bloodstained to the knees from riding among the bodies of the at rest(predicate) Muslims. In the Middle East the crusaders set up four small states the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripole, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. They introduced European feudalism and subdivided the land into fiefs controlled by vassals and lords. For almost a century, the Europeans occupied these lands. (NEW PARAGRAPH) Brisk European trade, with goods carried mostly in Italian ships, sprang up.Christians and Muslims lived in close proximity and grew to respect each other. Many Christians adopted Eastern impost and came to prefer Eastern food and clothing. The Second Crusade began in 1147, after the Turks had recaptured the important city of Edessa and endanger the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In this Crusade, King Louis VII of France and the Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad III led their armies across Europe to the Holy Land. They were fighting separately, and didnt join forces until they got to Damascus, which was held by the Turks.Luis and Conrad couldnt capture the city and returned to Europe dishonorably in two years. In 1187 the Muslim leader Saladin recaptured Jerusalem. (NEW PARAGRAPH) Two years later the Third Crusade, the Crusade of the Three Kings, began and lasted until 1192. King Richard of England, King Philip Augustus of France, and Emperor Frederick Barboarossa of the Holy Roman Empire each started out at the head of a great army to regain the Holy Land. The Europeans failed once again, and an estimated 300,000 Christians and Muslims died.There were many more Crusades until 1291, when the Muslims captured the last Christian stronghold, in Acre. Fore 200 years a constant flow of Europeans streamed into the H oly Land. all over that period, however, the religious zeal of the crusaders had steadily dwindled. (NEW PARAGRAPH) From a military standpoint, all the Crusades except the first failed. The Muslims eventually recaptured Jerusalem and the rest of Palestine. However, Europeans learned many things of military importance, such as the crossbow, carrier pigeons and messengers, new siege tactics, and gunpowder.In Europe the Crusades increased the power of kings and decreased the power of feudal lords. Kings imposed new taxes and led armies drawn from their accurate countries. The church also got more political power because of its leadership role in initiating the crusades. After the Crusades the shape of women changed. When their husbands were gone they managed feudal estates. Europeans were influenced by the ideas exchanged among the crusaders form different countries and between the crusaders and the other people they met.